By tandem-affinity purification, researchers from the University of Pittsburgh isolated FRY like transcriptional coactivator (Fryl), one of two paralogous genes, fryl and furry (fry), that have been described in vertebrates. Both proteins were found to interact with the Ldb1-Lhx1 complex, but studies focused on Lhx1/Fry functional roles, as they are expressed in overlapping domains. The team found that Xenopus embryos depleted of fry exhibit loss of pronephric mesoderm, phenocopying the Lhx1-depleted animals. In addition, they demonstrated a synergism between Fry and Lhx1, identified candidate microRNAs regulated by the pair, and confirmed these microRNA clusters influence specification of the kidney.

These data shows that a constitutively-active Ldb1-Lhx1 complex interacts with a broadly expressed microRNA repressor, Fry, to establish the kidney field.

The functional domains of Fry directly interact with constitutive active Ldb1-Lhx1.